SOCIOLINGUISTICS

SOCIOLINGUISTICTS

A.   Definition of Sociolinguisticts

Sociolinguistics consist of sociology and linguistic. Sociology is scientific study of  people in society and than linguistic is the study of  language so sociolinguistic is study of  language associated with use of that language in the society.    

PART 1. Language and Communities

     Language, Dialects, Varieties  

There are variations in language :

Language

Language is the method of human communication, either spoken or written, consisting of the use of words in a structured and conventional way. For instance there are korean, japanese, chinese they speak korean, japanese, chinese respectively.  

Dialect

Dialect is a language variation of a group of speakers whose numbers relative, who is in a place, region, or particular area. For instance the java language dialect Banyumas, Pekalongan, Surabaya and so on.

Regional Dialect

A regional dialect is a distinct form of a language spoken in a particular geographical area. For instance regional dialect is spoken in one particular area of a country. In the USA, regional dialect include Appalachian, New Jersey, and South English, and in Britain, Cockney, Liverpool English and ‘Geordie’

 

Social Dialect 

Social dialect is a variety of a language spoken by a particular group based on social characteristics other than geography. Giving proper weight to the various factors that can be used to determine social position for instance occupation, place of residence education, ‘new’ versus ‘old’ money, income, racial or ethnic origin, cultural background, caste, religion, and so on.

Styles

Style of speaking. You can speak formally and informaly, your choice being governed by circumstances. The level of formallity chosen to a variety of factors : various social, age.

Register

Register refers to specific lexical and grammatical choices as made by speakers depending on the situational context. There are two types of variation in language, social and functional. Such as pilots, bsnk managers, sales have different registers.

Pidgin and creoles

Pidgin is a grammatically simplified means of communication that develops between two or more groups that do not have a language. Where both groups speak languages different from the language of the country in which they reside. A pidgin is not the native language of any speech community, but is instead learned a second language. A pidgin differs from creole which is the first language of a speech community of native speakers. The just developed vocabulary and grammar.  

Codes

Is a set of conventions for converting one signaling system into another. The term can be used to refer to any kind of system that two or more people employ for communication. For instance the system can be used by a single person, when someone devises a private code to protect certain secrets. 

Diglossia is kind of situation where two variation of language happens in the same time.

                  

Bilingualism is someone who speaks two language.

Multilingualism is an ability to use more two languages.

For instance : in a multilingual country like singapure there are 4 languages English, the variety Mandarin of Chinese, tamil and malay. A teenager used chinese to communication with their parents and using malay to his brother, in the school he used english with his friends.

Monolingualism is one language that used in a conversation or we called mother tongue.

Code-switching is a changing of language which used a person from one language to the other languages and the process to make a new code.

For instance there are some students in the group and the used with the same language and when he wants to tell about personal with another student he changed another language.  

Language variation is a variation of language that happen because of different location. And how the history of distribution language based on time and space affecting present language around the world.

Enthography of speaking is the analysis of communication within the wider context of the social and cultural practices and brliefs of the members of a particular culture or speech community. Word SPEAKING as an acronym for the various factors.

S : setting and scene. Setting refers to the place of speech.

P: participants include various combination of speaker.

E : ends

A : act sequence. How people do the act when speaking.

K : key. It refers to the tone, manner or spirit in which a particular message that speker said.

I : instrumentalities. It refers to the choice of type of act.

N : norms of interaction and interpretation.

G : genre. It refers to clearly demarcated types of utterence.

   

Speech act theory there are some acts of speaking consist of locutions, illocutionary, perlocutionary.

locution is the linguistic form and illocutionary that affect the people, perlocutionary thai is influenced. 

Tu and Vous have the same meaning it is ‘you’ singular you ‘to’ is use when we speak to our friend in formal talks. Plural you ‘vous’ is used when we speak to people older than us or to stranger in formal talks.

PSYCHOLINGUSTICS

 

THE NATURE OF LINGUISTIC COMPETENCE

 The Universality of Human Language

Languages are similar in their function and organization. Every human language has a grammar. Furthermore, the organization in all human languages both of lexicons and the formal properties of grammatical systems are similar . This is what psycholinguists mean by the statement that language is universal.

 Phonotactic constraints

Phonotactic constraints are really constraints on the way syllables can be created in a particular language. A syllable is a group of sounds which must contain a nucleus (usually a vowel), and may have an onset (one or more syllable-initial consonants) and a coda (one or more syllablefinal consonants). Together, the nucleus and the coda are the syllable’s rhyme.

THE BIOLOGICAL BASIS OF LANGUAGE

Psycholinguistics is a concerned with how language is represented and processed in the brain. on language as a system controlled by the brain that is different from but closely linked to general cognition.

 Language Is Species Specific

Language is one of the most important component to communicate and to convey messages between individuals, we can simplify that every species has a communication system. There is no other species that use language communication system to communicate like human. There are many research was made to find if the animals can communicate using language. For example: Lana a chimpanzee that can operate the computer. There are three key with a word that written in there, please, machine give and water. When she wants to drink she knows that she should press water key. Even she can do that things, its does not mean she understand the word. It can be because of she knows when she press that key she will get water as a reward

 Language Is Universal in Humans.        

All human babies are born with an innate capacity to learn language. It genetically prepared to organized linguistics information. Human’s ability to acquire and use language is as natural as a fish’s ability to swim. Language does not need to be taught. Children are acquiring language naturally.

 Language Development Is Triggered by the Environment

On of the factors that affect human’s ability in acquire language is environment. Children will not develop language if language is not accessible in their environment or nobody is there to interact with them. How people acquire language is based on the environment. For example: a baby that was born from Indonesian parents lives in Japan. The environment helps the baby to acquire Japanese language. He hear Japanese language everyday from people around him and it makes him can speak Japanese well. That is the evidence that environment is helpful in acquire language.

 Anatomical and Physiological Correlates for Language

Gall in eighteen century believed that musical ability, morality, and language ability is in different place in our brain. It’s proved by Broca’s research. Aphasia is a disease that happened in the place that processing language inside our brain.