SOCIOLINGUISTICS

SOCIOLINGUISTICTS

A.   Definition of Sociolinguisticts

Sociolinguistics consist of sociology and linguistic. Sociology is scientific study of  people in society and than linguistic is the study of  language so sociolinguistic is study of  language associated with use of that language in the society.    

PART 1. Language and Communities

     Language, Dialects, Varieties  

There are variations in language :

Language

Language is the method of human communication, either spoken or written, consisting of the use of words in a structured and conventional way. For instance there are korean, japanese, chinese they speak korean, japanese, chinese respectively.  

Dialect

Dialect is a language variation of a group of speakers whose numbers relative, who is in a place, region, or particular area. For instance the java language dialect Banyumas, Pekalongan, Surabaya and so on.

Regional Dialect

A regional dialect is a distinct form of a language spoken in a particular geographical area. For instance regional dialect is spoken in one particular area of a country. In the USA, regional dialect include Appalachian, New Jersey, and South English, and in Britain, Cockney, Liverpool English and ‘Geordie’

 

Social Dialect 

Social dialect is a variety of a language spoken by a particular group based on social characteristics other than geography. Giving proper weight to the various factors that can be used to determine social position for instance occupation, place of residence education, ‘new’ versus ‘old’ money, income, racial or ethnic origin, cultural background, caste, religion, and so on.

Styles

Style of speaking. You can speak formally and informaly, your choice being governed by circumstances. The level of formallity chosen to a variety of factors : various social, age.

Register

Register refers to specific lexical and grammatical choices as made by speakers depending on the situational context. There are two types of variation in language, social and functional. Such as pilots, bsnk managers, sales have different registers.

Pidgin and creoles

Pidgin is a grammatically simplified means of communication that develops between two or more groups that do not have a language. Where both groups speak languages different from the language of the country in which they reside. A pidgin is not the native language of any speech community, but is instead learned a second language. A pidgin differs from creole which is the first language of a speech community of native speakers. The just developed vocabulary and grammar.  

Codes

Is a set of conventions for converting one signaling system into another. The term can be used to refer to any kind of system that two or more people employ for communication. For instance the system can be used by a single person, when someone devises a private code to protect certain secrets. 

Diglossia is kind of situation where two variation of language happens in the same time.

                  

Bilingualism is someone who speaks two language.

Multilingualism is an ability to use more two languages.

For instance : in a multilingual country like singapure there are 4 languages English, the variety Mandarin of Chinese, tamil and malay. A teenager used chinese to communication with their parents and using malay to his brother, in the school he used english with his friends.

Monolingualism is one language that used in a conversation or we called mother tongue.

Code-switching is a changing of language which used a person from one language to the other languages and the process to make a new code.

For instance there are some students in the group and the used with the same language and when he wants to tell about personal with another student he changed another language.  

Language variation is a variation of language that happen because of different location. And how the history of distribution language based on time and space affecting present language around the world.

Enthography of speaking is the analysis of communication within the wider context of the social and cultural practices and brliefs of the members of a particular culture or speech community. Word SPEAKING as an acronym for the various factors.

S : setting and scene. Setting refers to the place of speech.

P: participants include various combination of speaker.

E : ends

A : act sequence. How people do the act when speaking.

K : key. It refers to the tone, manner or spirit in which a particular message that speker said.

I : instrumentalities. It refers to the choice of type of act.

N : norms of interaction and interpretation.

G : genre. It refers to clearly demarcated types of utterence.

   

Speech act theory there are some acts of speaking consist of locutions, illocutionary, perlocutionary.

locution is the linguistic form and illocutionary that affect the people, perlocutionary thai is influenced. 

Tu and Vous have the same meaning it is ‘you’ singular you ‘to’ is use when we speak to our friend in formal talks. Plural you ‘vous’ is used when we speak to people older than us or to stranger in formal talks.