SEMANTIC EXAMINATION

Name                    : Adisti Handrini

Student number     : 14611016

1.      What parts does a prototype computer have? Do those parts have parts?

Answer: Prototype is a central member of denotation of word.

-          A prototype computer has a keyboard.

-          A prototype computer has a mouse.

-          A prototype computer has a monitor.

-          A prototype computer has a CPU.

        

2.      The top of a thing is one of its sides : the side that is uppermost. The bottom of a thing is one of its sides: the side that is down. The front is one of the sides : the side that faces forwards. The back is one of its sides, the side that faces away from the front. What sense relations hold between the words side, top, bottom, front and back? Give reasons to support your answer.

Answer: Relation sense is a paradigmatic relation between words or predicates. such as synonym, polysemy, hyponym, antonym.
   
3.      Parent is a superordinate for mother and father. At the level immediately below parent there are only those two hyponyms. What is the semantic relation between mother and father ? Is it incompatibility or antonymy? Justify your answer.

Answer : mother and father are incompatible. this is an adjective comparison for instance mother and father are nouns. explain that mother is someone who is not need to be my father. 

4. For class discussion. The following words are hyponyms of footwear: shoes, sneakers, trainers, sandals, slippers, boots, galoshes.

A. Is footwear the superordinate that you use for all of the hyponyms or do you use the word shoe in a general sense that we might distinguish as shoe 1, as the superordinate? (After all, the kind of shop that could sell all of them is a shoe shop.) 
B. Find as many other hyponyms of footwear (or shoe ) as you can. 
C. Draw up a hyponym hierarchy, for the given words and any additional ones you have found.
D. Try to provide a brief characterisation of the meaning of each word in the hierarchy, in the form of its immediate superordinate plus a modifying phrase.

Answer:

A.    We don’t sell clothes here; this is a Shop 1” would be a memorable objection, but it feels like one that respects the meaning of the word shoe. On the other hand, the following objection would strike me as peculiar in meaning: “?We don’t sell sandals here; this is a Shop 1 .” And it would be just as strange with slippers or boots substituted for sandals.

B.     Hyponyms for footwear are patten, shoe, hose, boot, sabot, slipper, clog, flats, carpet slipper, geta, overshoe, hosiery.  

C.      

 

D.              

  5. In February 2016 a minister government minister announced the resignation of a senior civil servant in his department. According to one report, it was only from listening to the radio on his way back to work from a hospital appointment that the civil servant heard about his own alleged resignation. This led to a question in the media: ?Who is going to be resigned next? (The question mark at the beginning marks the sentence as semantically odd.) The civil servant eventually resigned in May 2016. Resigning is supposed to be a conscious act performed by the person who quits the post, but if, in talking about the situation described, someone had used the expression ?The minister resigned the civil servant, would the sentence have been causative? Would it have the same meaning as The minister made the civil servant resign?

Answer: Talking about the situation after the civil servant’s resignation . this situation there are two clauses formulation. the civil servant resign, if it was the minister's announcement in Febuary that caused the civil servant to resign in May, the causation was direct. 

6.      Classify the following as achievements, states, activities or accomplishments: (a) The kid was having a tantrum. (b) The band had a makeover. (c) I caught a cold. (d) Part of the Louvre resembles a pyramid. (e) The music stopped. (f) He got the joke the second time. (g) Khalid played the violin.

Answer: (a) Activity. (b) Accomplishment. (c) Achievement. (d) State. (e) Achievement when talking about a single stop, because the following is not an acceptable way of expressing ‘The music waned but continued’: *The music stopped stopping; also because restitutive again works straightforwardly. The music was stopping is unacceptable unless we interpret this as habitual or if it is said with reference to a scheduled stop. On the habitual interpretation, The music stopped is an activity. (f ) Achievement. (g) Activity. Yes, The violin is a definite direct object, but not one that delimits the activity: Khalid played the violin does not encode a situation in which he plays until the violin is “finished” (compare Khalid played the sonata).

7.      Ministry of Education and Culture told the Indonesian government that they had saved many million of rupiahs because schools were developing. Think of the sentence in italics as part of a newspaper report (and note that the pronoun they refers to the Indonesian government). Identify the combinations of tense and aspect used in the sentence and draw a diagram to represent the relative timing of the events. Position ‘time of report’ on a time line. Then indicate the positions when ministry of education and culture told the Indonesian government something, when the government saved many millions of rupiahs and when schools developed.

Answer: The verb told is past simple, had saved is past perfect; were developing is past progressive.

8. Think about possible interpretations of the modality in the five sentences below. can they be understood as denotic, epistemic, both or neither? give a reason for each answer.
- They must be made from buckwheat.
- We must get up early tommorow.
- The email needn't have been sent.
- I can hear you now.
- They might or might not make it.
- You better apologise. 

Answer: 
- They must be made from buckwheat. (epistemic
- They must get up early tommorow. (deontic)
- The email needn't have been sent. (interpretation)
- I can hear you now. (Paraphrase)
- They might or might not make it. (interpretation of deontic)
- You better apologise. (deontic) 

9. In terms of relative scope, can’t P means ‘not (possibly P)’, deontically as well as epistemically. The same holds for cannot P. What about may not (or mayn’t, if this reduced form is acceptable to you)? They may not have an invitation can be understood either deontically (‘I forbid them having an invitation’) or epistemically (‘Perhaps they do not have an invitation’). What is the scope of negation relative to the scope of modality for these two interpretations?

Answer : Deontic may not is similar to can’t : negation has wider scope: ‘not (possibly (they have an invitation))’. However, epistemic may not behaves like mustn’t : modality has wider scope: ‘possibly (not (they have an invitation))’.

For the comparison of relative scope, it does not matter that may is represented as ‘possibly’, using the same word as was used for can. The meanings of may and can share the notion of possibility, the ‘negative ruled out’ part of their core meanings.

 

10. .Few corgis are vegetarian is true provided the proportion of vegetarian corgis is small, in comparison to the number who are nonvegetarian. However,few is an ambiguous quantifier. It can also serve as a cardinal quantifier, as when someone who has been asked whether there are many boats in the harbour replies: “No, there are few boats there today”. If possible, write the set theoretic specification for this sentence’s truth conditions. If that is too hard, explain in words the meaning of few when it is a cardinal quantifier.

Answer: | B n H | is a small number. (B represents the set of boats and H the set of things that are in the harbour in question). Taking few as a cardinal quantifier, the speaker is just saying that there was a small number of boats in the harbour; the harbour seemed uncrowded by boats. Only the intersection is taken into consideration. Boats that are not in the harbour are left out of the calculation. What number is a small number? That is pragmatically decided by the speaker and relates to the size of the harbour, the density of boats that the speaker is used to, to the fact that they are boats rather than cars or ants or castles, and to the speaker’s ideas on what the addressee would regard as a small number in such a case.

 

11. Pseudo-clefts can be inverted, for example The hammer was what hit the floor. What hit the floor was the hammer. Is the presupposition the same or different? (Hint: start by trying to find a proposition that is both entailed by The hammer was what hit the floor and implicated by The hammer wasn’t what hit the floor That is to say: find out what it presupposes.)

Answer : Taking a few as a cardinal quantifier the speaker says here was a small number of boats in the harbour the harbour seemed uncrowded by boats. The boats are not in the harbour are left out of the calculation.